CSG10thinterm.2016-2017: GRAMMAR

Review of Conditional Sentences

If I were you…

· Zero Conditional

The zero conditional expresses things about the real world. It often refers to general truths, such as scientific facts. In these sentences, the time is now or always and the situation is real and possible.

If clause (condition) Main clause (result)

You pay attention. You understand.

If you pay attention, you understand.

S. present S. present

· First Conditional

The first conditional describes a particular situation or possible things which could easily come true. It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future.

If clause (condition) Main clause (result)

You pay attention. You will understand.

If you pay attention, you’ll understand.

S. present Future (will)

· Second Conditional

The Second conditional or Future Unreal Conditional is used to talk about imaginary situations. This type of conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. We are not sure this thing will happen

If clause (condition) Main clause (result)

You paid attention. You would understand.

· If you paid attention, you would understand.

S. past (would)

e.g.

Zero C. If I clean my room, mom let me go out with my friends. (real)

First C. If I clean my room, mom will let me go out with my friends. (possible)

Second C. If I cleaned my room, mom would let me go out with my friends. (not possible)

Zero C. Crista gets high marks if she studies hard. (real)

First C. Crista will get high marks if she studies hard. (possible)

Second C. Crista would get high marks if she studied hard. (not possible)

THE SECOND CONDITIONAL

If clause (condition) Main clause (result)

You paid attention. You would understand.

· If you paid attention, you would understand.

S. past (would)

If you were in England, you would visit the Big Ben Or

You would visit the Big Ben if you were in England.

If I visited my grandmother tomorrow, I would help her clean the house. Or

I would help my grandmother clean the house if I visited her tomorrow.

If you did your homework, the teacher wouldn’t be angry. /

The teacher wouldn’t be angry if you did your homework. /

If you did your homework, the teacher wouldn’t be angry

If we didn’t hurry, we would miss the buss. / We would miss the bus if we didn’t hurry.

If I didn’t play well, I wouldn’t win the game. / I wouldn’t win the game if I didn’t play well.

If Liz were here, I would be really happy. / I would be really happy if Liz were here.

Remember: The first conditional expresses things that are not likely to happen in the future.

You can use a contracted form. ( would = ’d )

If you studied hard, you’d pass the test. / You’d pass the test if you studied hard.

If I saw Glenda, I’d invite her to dine. / I’d invite Glenda to dine if I saw her.

WARNING! Never put would in the –if clause

THE FIRST CONDITIONAL

Grammar

The first conditional describes a particular situation or possible things which could easily come true. It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future.

The structure is…

If clause (condition) Main clause (result)

You pay attention. You will understand.

· If you pay attention, you’ll understand.

S. present Future (will)

Depending on the case, the clauses can be positive or negative

If you study hard, you’ll pass the test. Or You’ll pass the test if you study hard.

If I see Glenda, I’ll invite her to dine. Or I’ll invite Glenda if I see her.

If you don’t do your homework, the teacher will be angry. Or

The teacher we’ll be angry if you don’t do your homework.

If we don’t hurry up, we´ll miss the buss. Or We’ll miss the bus if we don’t hurry up.

If I don’t play well, I won’t win the game. Or I won’t win the game if I don’t play well.

Remember: The first conditional expresses things that are possible to happen in the future.

27 /02 / 2017

ZERO CONDITIONAL

If I study English, I learn it

Grammar

In a zero conditional sentence, both parts of the sentence are in the simple present.

If clause (condition) Main clause (result)

You pay attention. You understand.

· If you pay attention, you understand.

S. present S. present

As in all conditional sentences, the order of the clauses is not fixed.

· You understand if you pay attention.

You can use the word “when” or “ if ” and the meaning doesn’t change. Sometimes, whenever is used instead of when.

If you heat water, it boils. Water boils if you heat it.

When you heat water, it boils. Water boils when you heat it.

EXAMPLES:

If you heat ice, it melts. Ice melts if you heat it.

Whenever it rains a lot here, the land gets flooded. The land gets flooded whenever it rains a lot here.

Whenever I have a cold, I usually drink a lemonade. I usually drink lemonade whenever I get a cold.

If you don’t have money, you can’t pay you meal. You can’t pay your meal if you don’t have money.

You can use the zero conditional to give instructions.

If you don’t know what to do, let me know. Let me know if you don’t know what to do.

When it gets dark, go back home please. Go back home please when it gets dark.

You can also use the zero conditional to express cause and effect.

If you don’t water the plants, they die. Plants die if you don’t water them.

cause effect effect cause

-If I exercise, I keep in shape.

-If you drink alcohol, you get drunk.

-When you melt ice, it becomes liquid water.

-Whenever I tell the truth, I feel great!

Reference

http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/zero-conditional/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-VWn8Afr4iA (video)

https://freeenglishlessonplans.com/2015/03/24/zero-conditional-conversation-practice/

13 / 01 / 2017

PAST PERFECT TENSE

FUNCTIONS OF THE PAST PERFECT

The past perfect refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used to make it clear that one event happened before another in the past. It does not matter which event is mentioned first - the tense makes it clear which one happened first.

In these examples, Event A is the event that happened first and Event B is the second or more recent event:

Event A Event B

John had gone out when I arrived in the office.

Event A Event B

I had saved my document before the computer crashed.

Event B Event A

When they arrived, we had already started cooking.

Event B Event A

He was very tired because he hadn't slept well.

FORMING THE PAST PERFECT

The Past Perfect tense in English is composed of two parts: the past tense of the verb to have (had) + the past participle of the main verb.

Subject had past participle

Affirmative

She had given

Negative

She hadn't asked.

Interrogative

Had they arrived?

Interrogative Negative

Hadn't you finished?

When to use these tenses? (02 / 01 / 2017)

SIMPLE PAST VS. PRESENT PERFECT

Certain time in the past or just / already / yet

Do you want to express that an action happened at a certain time in the past (even if it was just a few seconds ago) or that an action has just / already / not yet happened?

Simple Past	Present Perfect Simple
certain time in the past Example: I phoned Mary 2 minutes ago.	*just* / already / not yet Example: I have just phoned Mary.

Certain event in the past or how often so far

Do you want to express when a certain action took place or whether / how often an action has happened till now?

Simple Past	Present Perfect Simple
certain event in the past Example: He went to Canada last summer.	whether / how often till now Example: Have you ever been to Canada? / I have been to Canada twice.

Emphasis on action or result

Do you just want to express what happened in the past? Or do you want to emphasise the result (a past action's consequence in the present)?

Simple Past	Present Perfect Simple
Emphasis on action Example: I bought a new bike. (just telling what I did in the past.)	Emphasis on result Example: I have bought a new bike. (With this sentence I actually want to express that I have a new bike now.)

Signal Words (time expressions)

Simple Past	Present Perfect Simple
§ yesterday § ... ago § in 1990 § the other day § last ...	§ just § already § up to now § until now / till now § ever § (not) yet § so far § lately / recently

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1_0Gz4uRKo

Practice 02 /12/ 2016

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

I.- Complete with the correct word.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS	POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
I have	I have notebook
You have yours	You have pencil case
She has	She has her jacket
He has	He has wallet
We have ours	We have pens
You have	You have pens
They have	They have pencils
	I have book. cover is black

*Complete the grammar rule

II.- Complete the rules:

1. A is used alone, without a noun following it.

2. A is used only with a noun following it.

Copy this for your folder (longhand) 13/11/2016

ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
Cut and paste (folder)

Subject pronouns	possessive Adjectives	Possessive pronouns	Object pronouns
I	my	mine	me
You (sing.)	your	yours	you
He	his	his	him
She	her	hers	her
It	its	x	it
We	our	ours	us
You (pl.)	your	yours	you
They	their	theirs	them

DIRECT SPEECH AND INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks (" ") and there is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW (for example a telephone conversation), or telling someone later about a previous conversation.

Examples:

She says, "What time will you be home?"

She said, "What time will you be home?" and I said, "I don't know!”

"There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.

John said, "There's an elephant outside the window."

INDIRECT SPEECH (REPORTED SPEECH) with backshift

Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Inverted commas are not used.

Examples:

Terry: “I work in a new restaurant.”

Terry said (that) he worked in a new restaurant. …………….reported speech

Jessie: “I have been working all day.”

Jessie said (that) she has been working all day. ……………reported speech

The students: “We finished our task an hour ago.”

The students said (that) they had finished their task an hour ago………..reported speech

Mom: “I will be home at 5 p.m.”

Mom said (that) she would be home at 5 p.m.

Copy this for your folder (longhand) 23/10/2016

Connectors

A connector is a word that is used to join words or sentences.

Example: and, as well as, but, or, yet, nevertheless, however, so that, as long as, while, until ,as if, because, when, after, though, before.

A boy and a girl

An elephant and a giraffe

A toy or a book

The music was loud nevertheless it was enjoyable.

Sentence Connectors are a great way of improving your English. Why? Because we use them to express relationships between ideas and to combine sentences.

When we begin learning a language, we speak in very basic sentences, a bit like children.

Example: “London is a very exciting city. London is very expensive.”

As we learn more words and more complex sentence structure, we are able to start using sentence connectors to make more sophisticated sentences.

Example: “London is a very exciting city; nevertheless it is also very expensive” or

“Despite the fact that London is very expensive, it is also very exciting”

There are various types of connectors. We’ll discuss them in class.

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Grammar:

How do we make the Present Continuous Tense?

The auxiliary verb (be) is conjugated in the Present Simple: am, are, is

The main verb is invariable in present participle form: -ing

For negative sentences we insert not between the auxiliary verb and the main verb.

For question sentences, we exchange the subject and the auxiliary verb.

The structure of the Present Continuous tense is:

Subject	+	auxiliary be	+	main verb
		conjugated in Present Simple		present participle (-ing)
		am is are

Examples:

	Subject	auxiliary be		main verb (-ing)
+	I	am		listening	to music.
+	You	are		reading	my book.
+	They	are		studying	now.
-	She	is	not	watching	TV.
-	They	are	not	playing	tennis.
-	I	am	not	cooking.

The subject and the auxiliary verb switch positions in yes/no questions.

Examples:

Subject	auxiliary be	main verb (-ing)
Am	I	listening	to music?
Are	you	reading	my book?
Is	she	studying	now?

CSG10thinterm.2016-2017

GRAMMAR

WARNING! Never put would in the –if clause

Reference

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